General | Article Formatting (Citations, References, and Styles)

Chicago Manual of Style | Citation and Reference Guide

Articles must follow the Chicago Manual of Style and use the Author Date format.

In-text Citations

  • In-text citations should not have a comma before the publication date.
  • In-text citations for references with three authors should list names for all three authors.
    • Only when the number of contributors exceeds four people is "et al." used for in-text citations.
  • In-text citations should include a page number only when citing a direct quote.
    • If you are not citing a direct quote, please do not include a page number.
  • When using a direct quote, the exact words must be attributed to the source.
    • Please use "double quotation" marks to indicate a direct quote.
    • Direct quotes should contain a page number with the citation.
    • Example: Smith said, "direct quotes contain a page number" (Smith 2016, 34).
  • Sources cited in-text must have a corresponding entry in the reference list.
    • Image credits/sources do not require mention in the reference list (unless requested specifically by our editorial staff).

References

  • Reference list entries for journal articles should always include a DOI hyperlink; entries for books and book chapters should include a DOI hyperlink when available.
    • Please use "https://doi.org/" and not "http://dx.doi.org/" (in accordance with Crossref guidelines).
  • Reference list entries must include full names (given name and surname).
    • Unless the number of contributors exceeds twelve people, "et al." should not appear in the reference list.
    • Please use given names when available, rather than using initials.
  • When indicating the volume and issue number of a journal publication, please always use the parenthetical method.
    • Example: 82 (4): 17–28.
    • The reference list should only list citations that appear in-text.
      • If a source is not cited in-text, it should not appear in the reference list.
    • Please refrain from using any of the "citations and bibliography" tools or features in Microsoft Word.
      • These are not editor-friendly software tools and they cause numerous problems during typesetting.
      • Citations and references should be entered as regular text without the aid of any special features or tools.
    • English translations for any foreign titles should be included in brackets following the titles in the original language.
      • Book Example:
        • Pirumova, Nataliia. 1977. Zemskoe liberal’noe dvizhenie: Sotsial’nye korni i evoliutsiia do nachala XX veka [The Zemstvo Liberal Movement: Its Social Roots and Evolution to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka.”
      • Journal Example:
        • Pirumova, Nataliia. 1977. “Zemskoe liberal’noe dvizhenie: Sotsial’nye korni i evoliutsiia do nachala XX veka” [The Zemstvo Liberal Movement: Its Social Roots and Evolution to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century]. Zhurnal sotsial'nykh korney i evolyutsii [Journal of Social Roots and Evolution] 3 (3): 1–24.

    General Formatting

    • Articles should be formatted according to the journal article template.
      • Use of the template is recommended for Initial Submissions and required for all Final Submissions.
    • Section headers and subsection headers should be in title case.
    • Articles should follow USA national spelling and word usage.
    • Tables in landscape mode are NOT accepted. Pages must always be in portrait layout.
    • Images should be inserted within the article document as jpg files with an image resolution at or below 300 DPI.
      • Images embedded as complex features such as "Drawing Objects" are not acceptable.
    • When the use of symbols is required, please only insert symbols using standard fonts.
      • (e.g. WingDings, Arial Unicode MS)
    • File formatting should not use advanced MS Word features (footnote tools are one exception to this rule).
      • The use of automatic referencing tools is not acceptable.
      • Drawing objects are not acceptable.
      • Automatic "Table of Contents" features are not acceptable.
      • Bookmarks and automatic index features are not acceptable.

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